The Relationship of Childhood Sexual Abuse to Teenage Pregnancy Free Essays

Running Head: RESEARCH ARTICLE REVIEW Research Article Review The Relationship of Childhood Sexual Abuse to Teenage Pregnancy Ashlee L. Glover Lindenwood University The Relationship of Childhood Sexual Abuse to Teenage Pregnancy I. Questions and Answers 1. We will compose a custom article test on The Relationship of Childhood Sexual Abuse to Teenage Pregnancy or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now â€Å"The motivation behind this investigation was to look at the connection between youth sexual maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy† (Roosa, Tein, Reinholtz, Angelini, 1997). 2. â€Å"Three research addresses guided this exertion. In the first place, do ladies who were explicitly mishandled as kids and ladies who had adolescent pregnancy have comparable formative foundations (sociodemographic and hazard factor profiles)? Second, does the hazard for young pregnancy contrast, in view of whether a lady was explicitly mishandled as a kid, explicitly gifted, or both? Third, does youth sexual maltreatment add to an expanded danger of having a high school pregnancy after the impact of different components identified with adolescent pregnancy (e. g. , social class) have been accounted for† (Roosa et al. 1997)? 3. â€Å"We anticipate that casualties of sexual maltreatment should have first deliberate intercourse prior, to be less inclined to utilize contraception, to be bound to take part in high-chance sexual practices (e. g. , sex with outsiders), and to have a higher number of sexual accomplices than their friends who were not explicitly abused† (Roosa et al. , 1997). 4. The factors being contemplated i s sexual history, High-hazard sexual conduct, Sexual maltreatment, Sexual history pathways, youth physical maltreatment, and High-chance practices. Roosa et al. , 1997). 5. The members were 2,003 ladies, 18 to 22 years of age, living in Arizona. (Roosa et al. , 1997). 6. â€Å"Participants finished the poll alone or in gatherings. They recorded their reactions on PC scored answer sheets to ease information passage and limit mistakes. In the wake of finishing the poll, a member set her answer sheet in an envelope, fixed the envelope, and offered it to either the venture supervisor or office representative† (Roosa et al. , 1997). 7. We utilized chi-square and investigation of difference to think about sociodemographic and hazard factor profiles of (a) ladies who were explicitly manhandled as youngsters with their non-mishandled friends and (b) ladies who had high school pregnancy with the individuals who didn't. Next, we thought about the rate of high school pregnancy for five sexual history pathways utilizing chi-square. At last, we utilized strategic relapse to decide if encounters of youth sexual maltreatment added to chance for high school pregnancy after the impacts of different factors had been accounted for† (Roosa et al. 1997). 8. â€Å"The consequences of our examination don't bolster contentions that sexual maltreatment is a significant supporter of the hazard for young pregnancy† (Roosa et al. , 1997). 9. The significance of the discoveries is that youth sexual maltreatment contributed little to the probability of young pregnancy. The seriousness of sexual maltreatment was not essentially identified with adolescent pregnancy. Sexual maltreatment followed by sexual intelligence was identified with a higher danger of adolescent pregnancy for a few. (Roosa et al. , 1997). 10. The outcomes were restricted by two methodological elements. To start with, the example, albeit enormous, was an example of comfort from a solitary state, and me mbers were marginally more instructed than the normal for this associate. Second, this was a cross-sectional examination that depended on the review of occasions that happened a few important years before the survey† (Roosa et al. , 1997). 11. â€Å"It might be significant for future examinations to recognize factors that clarify the hazard related with sexual maltreatment for these subgroups† (Roosa et al. , 1997). It was additionally expressed that later on longitudinal examinations are important to build up causality. Roosa et al. , 1997). II. Rundown The United States has the most elevated pace of high school pregnancy with around 25 percent of all U. S. ladies having a pregnancy by the age of 18 (Roosa et al. , 1997). The reason for this investigation was to decide whether youth sexual maltreatment is a factor related with an expanded hazard for high school pregnancies (Roosa et al. , 1997). Ongoing examinations have detailed that sexual maltreatment is more typica l among pregnant youngsters than when all is said in done populace and in this manner might be a significant supporter of high school pregnancy. Numerous instruments have been proposed to clarify the linkage between youth sexual maltreatment and adolescent pregnancy. Roosa et al. , (1997) sketched out a few components including (a) some high school pregnancies might be the immediate aftereffect of sexual maltreatment, (b) youth sexual maltreatment may mingle female casualties to accept that their motivation in life is to satisfy the sexual needs of others, (c) the brought down confidence of sexual maltreatment casualties may make them progressively defenseless against males’ lewd gestures, and (d) survivors of interbreeding may design pregnancies as a methods for getting away from their exploitation. Three exploration addresses guided this exertion: First, do ladies who were explicitly mishandled as kids and ladies who had high school pregnancy have comparative formative foundations (sociodemographic and chance factor profiles)? Second, does the hazard for high school pregnancy contrast, in view of whether a lady was explicitly mishandled as a kid, explicitly gifted, or both? What's more, for the individuals who experienced both maltreatment and intelligence, does the overall planning of these occasions have any kind of effect in hazard for high school pregnancy? Third, does youth sexual maltreatment add to an expanded danger of having an adolescent pregnancy after the impact of different variables identified with young pregnancy (e. g. , social class) have been represented? (Roosa et al. , 1997) The factors being contemplated are sexual history, high-chance sexual conduct, sexual maltreatment, sexual history pathways, youth physical maltreatment, and high-hazard practices. Sexual history was surveyed by getting some information about the respondent’s period of menarche, first coital experience, utilization of conception prevention, and pregnancy (Roosa et al. 1997). Any pregnancy happening before age 18 was named a high school pregnancy. High hazard sexual conduct was depicted as any individual who had intercourse for liquor, medications, or cash; engaging in sexual relations with outsiders, having various sex accomplices, and not utilizing anti-conception medication (Roosa et al. , 1997). Roosa et al. , (1997) utilized five commonly sexual history pathways to inspect the connection between youth sexual maltreatment and high school pregnancy: One pathway spoke to the individuals who detailed no bright sexual action and no sexual maltreatment before the age of 18. A subsequent pathway spoke to ladies who were explicitly mishandled before age 18 with no bright sexual movement. A third pathway spoke to the individuals who had been mishandled before their first bright sexual experience. A fourth pathway spoke to the individuals who had been manhandled before age 18 yet after their first bright sexual experience. A fifth pathway spoke to members who had not encountered any sexual maltreatment before the age of 18 yet who were explicitly intelligent. The last estimates utilized were youth physical maltreatment. Eight inquiries managing punishing and hitting adjusted from the Conflict Tactics Scale (Roosa et al. , 1997). Members were 2,003 ladies, 18 to 22 years of age, living in Arizona (Roosa et al. , 1997). Investment was constrained to this age range to diminish announcing predisposition because of generally fluctuating time stretches since sexual history occasions happened (Roosa et al. , 1997). The ladies were enlisted at 44 destinations in urban and rustic regions all through Arizona (Roosa estimated time of arrival l. , 1997). Members finished the survey alone or in gatherings, with help from the task supervisor (Roosa et al. 1997). They recorded their reactions on PC scored answer sheets to ease information passage and limit mistake (Roosa et al. , 1997). To break down the outcomes chi-square and investigation of change were utilized to look at sociodemographic and hazard factor profiles of (a) ladies who were explicitly manhandled as kids with their non-mishandled friends and (b) l adies who had a high school pregnancy with the individuals who didn't (Roosa et al. , 1997). Next, they analyzed the occurrence of adolescent pregnancy for five sexual history pathways utilizing chi-square (Roosa et al. , 1997). At long last, they utilized calculated relapse to decide if encounters of youth sexual maltreatment added to the hazard for young pregnancy after the impacts of different factors had been represented (Roosa et al. , 1997). Utilizing information from 2,003 ladies this examination adopted three strategies to analyze the connection between youth sexual maltreatment and the probability of adolescent pregnancy. The consequences of the examination didn't bolster the contention that sexual maltreatment is a significant supporter of the hazard for adolescent pregnancy (Roosa et al. , 1997). Youth sexual maltreatment contributed little to the probability of high school pregnancy in this example (Roosa et al. , 1997). As per Roosa et al. , (1997), it might be significant for future investigations to recognize factors that clarify the hazard related with sexual maltreatment of various subgroups. Despite the qualities of affiliations found or the quantity of components statically controlled, it can't be resolved which connections might be easygoing and which might be misleading (Roosa et al. , 1997). Longitudinal examinations are important to set up causality. The most effective method to refer to The Relationship of Childhood Sexual Abuse to Teenage Pregnancy, Papers

Evolution of Dogs from the Gray Wolf

Presentation The local pooch is an individual from the Canidae family. This is a naturally firm gathering of carnivores and comprises of thirty-eight species (Serpell 10). up to this point, man has figured out how to completely train the canine (Canis familiaris) in spite of the fact that he has likewise endeavored to raise the raccoon hound (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and the red fox (vulpes) in imprisonment for their hide (Klinghammer and Goodmann 36). Promoting We will compose a custom research paper test on Evolution of Dogs from the Gray Wolf explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The momentum paper attempts to show the connection between the cutting edge trained canine and the dark wolf utilizing archived proof from morphological, atomic, and DNA examinations. Following the birthplace of the trained canine In 1868, Darwin contended that the different tamed assortments of the pooch could have started from a few wild animal varieties or from a solitary wild animal varieties. Various creators fight that the tamed canine could have started from the jackal, the wolf, or other obscure and wiped out species (Serpell 10). Darwin additionally proposed that it would be practically difficult to discover the beginning of the trained canine. Nonetheless, the joined consequences of vocalization, morphological conduct and sub-atomic science of the trained pooch presently show that the wolf is the rule precursor of the canine (Grandin and Johnson 87). During the 1950s, Konrad Lorenz suggested that specific present day types of the canine could have been the relatives of the wolf, while others could have begun from the jackal. In any case, Lorenz before long understood that the jackal had a trademark and confounded crying collection that is very not the same as that of the wolf or pooch. This disclosure made Lorenz to revoke his previous view that the local canine could have been a relative of the jackal (Serpell 11). Another fervently challenged thought is the beginning of the Australia dingo. Atomic and anatomical examinations show that the dingo might be sorted as a wild canine of old plunge. Also, these discoveries uncover close likeness between the Australian dingo, the wolf, and the untouchable pooches in South-east Asia. What are the ‘precursors of the advanced trained pooch? Bones having a place with deceivers Pleistocene period have been found close by those of early hominida. This affiliation is demonstrative of a covering of the chasing exercises and control of wolves and people. Human trackers may likewise have executed wolves sporadically for their skins which they utilized as attire (Serpell 12). Publicizing Looking for inquire about paper on science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once in some time, human trackers would be joined by a live little guy that they wound up eating yet every so often, such a puppy would get familiar with the family gathering, viably getting subdued. The wolf little guys that ended up being less compliant with development would without a doubt be driven away or slaughtered. Others that gave indications of accommodation were restrained by people (Savolainen et al 1611). Such subdued wolves are the antecedents of the genuine trained pooch, despite the fact that they are numerous ages separated. Some remaining parts of these creatures that were found at late icy locales uncover slight morphological contrasts in examination with the remaining parts of wild wolves. Wolf skulls accepted to have a place with the last Ice Age have additionally been recovered at Fairbanks, Alaska. This are believed to be around 10,000 years of age. These wolf skulls are portrayed by abbreviated facial areas and consequently, they are believed to be the remaining parts of restrained wolves. This data is upheld by proof of people having crossed into North America by means of the Bering Straits around this time. Hypotheses of taming of canines from wolves Although it is as yet not satisfactory how the real taming of the Gray Wolf occurred, in any case, various speculations have been proposed on how the training procedure occurred. One such hypothesis has to do with the stranded wolf-fledglings. A few investigations have recommended that people had the option to tame and mingle some wolf puppies that they took while still youthful. One examination has likewise tried to demonstrate that it is conceivable to mingle the grown-up wolves effectively (Koler-Matznick 99). Interestingly, different researchers battle that mingling grown-up wolves can be tedious particularly when puppies are over 21 days old. Numerous researchers are persuaded that the early people embraced stranded wolf offspring and afterward continued to nurture them. From that point, the received wolves started to raise, as a result delivering â€Å"wolf-like† trained creatures. As more ages of these â€Å"wolf-like† trained creatures we re conceived, they looked somewhat like canines. Another hypothesis holds that the early wolves were scroungers and all things considered, they would frequently be pulled in by the reject that people deserted at campgrounds. A portion of these wolves demonstrated very fruitful in their capacity to communicate with people and subsequently, these characteristics were given to people in the future. Publicizing We will compose a custom research paper test on Evolution of Dogs from the Gray Wolf explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ultimately, there rose an age of wolves that tended to be tamed. People chose to keep those canines that indicated minimal measure of dread and those that showed significant level of socialization. Thus, the early pooch created one of a kind attributes that we would now be able to perceive the cutting edge hound. One of the social attributes of the dark wolf that made it simpler for people to tame them is what is known as â€Å"flight distan ce†. Flight separation is a proportion of the degree of closeness that a creature can permit something that it considers hazardous before choosing to flee. On the off chance that a creature has a shorter flight separation, it implies that it isn't frightened by the nearness of people in any event, when taking care of. Such a social characteristic may have been passed down to progressive ages of the creatures and after some time it was intensified to the point that the creatures felt agreeable within the sight of people. In a perfect world, wolves are accepted to have isolated into two populaces. The principal bunch was comprised of a pack of trackers while the subsequent gathering was comprised of town arranged scroungers. In spite of the fact that there are sparse subtleties with regards to how the following stages developed, in any case, supporting these two unique populaces more likely than not required the nearness of specific weight. DNA proof Prior to the advancement of the DNA innovation, researchers held two ways of thinking with respect to the source of the trained pooch. The vast majority of the analysts expected that the early pooches were the relatives of the subdued wolves and through interbreeding and advancing, this had brought about a trained animal groups. We likewise have another way of thinking that recommends that the cutting edge hound is the far off relative of the wolf. A similar way of thinking likewise accepts that the jackal and the coyote could likewise have been inaccessible family members of the advanced canine. Notwithstanding, DNA proof currently focuses at the wolf as the sole predecessor of the tamed pooch. One researcher who has done a great deal of DNA take a shot at the progenitors of the tamed canine is Carles Vila. Through his various investigations, he has examined different kinds of wolf DNA from about 27 populaces across North America, Europe and Asia (Vila et al 1687). He has likewise contrasted the consequences of his examinations and DNA of somewhere in the range of 67 types of current pooches from different pieces of the world.Advertising Searching for explore paper on science? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More DNA proof has uncovered the most different gathering of wolves have comparable successions to the ones found in the most old types of the trained canine, including the dingo of Australia. The German Shepherd Dog was appeared to share a nearby similarity to wolf groupings, in correlation with the arrangements of the fundamental pooch gathering (Vila et al 1688). This is an indication that such varieties may have been created by intersection wild wolves with hounds. Decision Over the years, a great deal of research has been completed on the root of the trained pooch, with researchers separated into two schools of through. The first and biggest school of through accepted that mutts could have been the relatives of the dark wolf. Different researchers recommended that the more established trained pooch could have been the relative of the red fox, or even the raccoon. In any case, there is presently convincing proof to recommend that the early people in all probability tamed the cutting e dge hound from the dim wolf. This attestation has been bolstered by sub-atomic, morphological and DNA proof that point at a closer connection between the trained canine, and the dim wolf, more than the red fox and the raccoon. Be that as it may, in light of the fact that the beginnings of a portion of the morphological contrasts among wolves and pooches are as yet not satisfactory, there is have to attempt more DNA considers. Such examinations likewise should be enhanced by a re-assessment of canidae fossil and archeological records with the goal that we can resolve the numerous inquiries in regards to one of man’s antiquated tamed creature. Works Cited Grandin, Temple and Catherine, Johnson. Creatures in interpretation, New York, NY: Scriber, 2005. Print. Klinghammer, Erich and Goodmann, Patricia. â€Å"Chapter 2: Socialization and the executives of deceivers. In Frank, Harry. Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research. The Hague, The Netherlands: Dr W. Junk Publishers, 1987. Print. Koler-Matznick, Janice. The birthplace of the pooch returned to. Anthrozoos, 15.2(2002):98â€118. Print. Savolainen, Peter, Zhang, Jing, Luo, Joakim Lundeberg, and Thomas Leitner. â€Å"Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogsâ€

Admissions Forums in Oklahoma and Texas COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Admissions Forums in Oklahoma and Texas COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Each fall representatives of SIPA spend time traveling to colleges and universities to speak to those interested in graduate degrees and career opportunities related to international and public affairs. From November 10-14 SIPA, along with representatives of three other schools, will be visiting several schools in Texas and Oklahoma. The other schools traveling with SIPA are: Georgetown University: The Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service Princeton University: The Woodrow Wilson School Tufts University: The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Below is the schedule. No registration for the events is required. We look forward to seeing those who can join.

Maria Mitchell Professional Woman Astronomer

Taught by her astronomer father, Maria Mitchell (August 1, 1818 - June 28, 1889) was the first professional woman astronomer in the United States. She became a professor of astronomy at Vassar College (1865 - 1888). She was the first woman member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1848), and was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. On  October 1, 1847, she spotted a comet, for which she was given credit as the discoverer. She was also involved in the anti-slavery movement. She refused to wear cotton because of its connection with slavery in the South, a commitment she continued after the Civil War ended. She also supported womens rights efforts and traveled in Europe. Beginnings of an Astronomer Maria Mitchells father, William Mitchell, was a banker and an astronomer. Her mother, Lydia Coleman Mitchell, was a librarian. She was born and raised on Nantucket Island. Maria Mitchell attended a small private school, denied, at that time, higher education  because there were few opportunities for women. She studied mathematics and astronomy, the latter with her father. She learned to make precise astronomical calculations. She began her own school, which was unusual in that it accepted as students people of color. When the Atheneum opened on the  island, she became a librarian, as her mother had been before her. She took advantage of her position to teach herself more mathematics and astronomy.   She continued to assist her father in documenting the positions of stars. Discovering a Comet On October 1, 1847, she saw through a telescope a comet that had not been recorded before. She and her father recorded their observations and then contacted the Harvard College Observatory.   For this discovery, she also won recognition for her work.   She began to visit the Harvard College Observatory, and met many scientists there. She won a paying position for some months in Maine, the first woman in America to be employed in a scientific position. She continued her work at the Atheneum, which served not only as a library but also as a place welcoming visiting lecturers, until in 1857 she was offered a position to travel as the chaperon for a wealthy bankers daughter.   The trip included a visit to the South where she observed the conditions of those who were enslaved.   She was able to visit England, as well, including several observatories there. When the family that employed her returned home, she was able to remain for a few more months. Elizabeth Peabody and others arranged, on Mitchells return to America, to present her with her own five-inch telescope. She moved with her father to Lynn, Massachusetts, when her mother died, and used the telescope there. Vassar College When Vassar College was founded, she was already more than 50 years old.   Her fame for her work led to being  asked to take up a position teaching astronomy. She was able to use a 12-inch telescope at the Vassar observatory.   She was popular with the students there, and used her position to bring in many guest speakers, including advocates for womens rights. She also published and lectured outside of the college, and promoted the work of other women in astronomy. She helped to form a precursor of the General Federation of Womens Club, and promoted higher education for women. In 1888, after twenty years at the college, she retired from Vassar. She returned to Lynn and continued to view the universe through a telescope there. Bibliography Maria Mitchell: A Life in Journals and Letters.  Henry Albers, editor. 2001.Gormley, Beatrice.  Maria Mitchell - The Soul of an Astronomer.  1995. Ages 9-12.Hopkinson, Deborah.  Marias Comet.  1999. Ages 4-8.McPherson, Stephanie.  Rooftop Astronomer.  1990. Ages 4-8.Melin, G. H.  Maria Mitchell: Girl Astronomer.  Ages: ?.Morgan, Helen L.  Maria Mitchell, First Lady of American Astronomy.Oles, Carole.  Night Watches: Inventions on the Life of Maria Mitchell.  1985.Wilkie, K. E.  Maria Mitchell, Stargazer.Women of Science- Righting the Record.  G. Kass-Simon, Patricia Farnes and Deborah Nash, editors. 1993.Wright, Helen, Debra Meloy Elmegreen and Frederick R. Chromey.  Sweeper in the Sky - The Life of Maria Mitchell.  1997 Affiliations Organizational Affiliations: Vassar College, American Association for the Advancement of Women, American Academy of Arts and SciencesReligious Associations:  Unitarian, Quakers  (Society of Friends)

Breast Cancer Pain Essay - 723 Words

Breast Cancer Pain Breast Anatomy and Physiology The breasts or mammary glands are sometimes considered a part of the reproduction system. Structurally, they are modified sweat glands. They are composed of mainly fat, breast tissue, nerves, veins, arteries, and connective tissues. The breast is usually situated on top of the pectoral major muscles covering the second rib to the sixth or seventh rib and extends from the sternum to the mid-axillary line. Breast tissue has an axillary tail which extends into the armpit region. Most breast cancer originates here. The nipple is usually level with the fourth intercostal space in men and nulliparous women. The connective tissues (suspensory or Coopers ligaments) and fat help†¦show more content†¦This system works via the five groups of axillary nodes, one group of interpectoral nodes, one group of parasternal nodes and ultimately subclavian lymph trunk. Since axillary nodes provide seventy five percent of drainage, they are usually the first to be invaded by cancer cells. Externally, each breast has a nipple that is made of erectile muscle tissue. These muscle tissue raises the nipples in response to stimulation or breastfeeding. Surrounding the nipples are the areola and areolar glands. These glands are small pumps with oil (sebaceous) glands that provide lubrication during breast feeding. Sometimes there will be hair growing on edge of the areola. This is normal especially in women on birth control pills. The breast starts forming when the fetus is about five weeks old. It begins with mammary ridge which develops along the trunk from the axilla to the groin. Then 15 to 20 branches of the solid epithelial columns are formed. These columns are then canalized before birth to form the lactiferous ducts. When a baby is born, the breasts and most of their structures have already formed. Before puberty, male and female breasts are almost alike. It consists of lactiferous ducts with no lobules (milk glands). At puberty, hormones created by the ovaries and pituitary gland cause the ducts to proliferate and form solid inactive lobes in female. HighShow MoreRelatedThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1134 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer affects so many women around the world. Even with the technology and medicine we have today to treat this deadly disease, the pain a patient experiences with breast cancer is still relentless. Pain comes from either progression of the disease or a side effect from treatment. 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I would like to inform others aboutRead MoreBreast Massage For Greater Breast Health And Cancer Prevention By Moving The Lymph791 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Massage for Greater Breast Health and Cancer Prevention by Moving the Lymph By Melissa Gallagher | Submitted On September 28, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Melissa Gallagher

Professional Football Training and Development Free Essays

string(65) " starts the specialization phase which is mainly non-unilateral\." Football is among the topmost popular sports in the modern world and is characterized as an intermittent, high intensity and non-continuous exercise. However, there is still a lot of debate and uncertainty surrounding the sport’s physiological requirements as a result of the overemphasis of skills which lead to the neglect of physical fitness, difficulty in scientific study of the sports as well as the conservative training methods that are mainly employed in the development and training of professional players. There has been an evolutionary trend in the professional football such as changes in the roles that players have, a greater frequency of fixtures to play and new tactics and strategies that continue to increase the all round fitness demands for players. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Football Training and Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper thus wishes to explore periodization: theory and methodology in the professional training and development of football players with specific focus on physiological perspectives. The research theorizes that the utilization of specialization training that is based on a comprehensive multilateral foundation is the most effective training method necessary to develop a professional football player. Introduction Professional football training and development is a process that should be governed by the principles of training. The core objective of these processes is top increase the footballer’s sporting skills and ultimately his/her level of sporting performance. Professional football training and development has to cover the various performance aspects or components that are normally employed by a player in a match. These include tactical, technical, social/psychological and fitness training. In order for an athlete to compete as a professional football player from a physiological perspective, they need to have high levels of fitness so as to cope with the physical demands that the game requires as well as be able to utilize their technical abilities throughout the whole game. As such fitness training is an important part of the professional footballer’s training programme. The most important characteristic of a football fitness training program is that it should closely resemble match-play as much as possible. As such the main part of the training for fitness exercise should incorporate a football as this has several advantages. Firstly, the players are able to develop tactical and technical skills under similar conditions to those that they will be subjected to during a match. Secondly, this trains the specific muscle groups that are used when paying football. And finally this has been known to provide greater motivation for players as opposed to training without the ball (Ekblom, 1994, p. 124). Type of Training to be applied The overall development of the player should strike a balance between specialized training and multilateral development. As such, the earlier stages of training and development should be based on multilateral development which mainly targets the player’s overall physical development. As the player becomes more developed, the component of specialized training specific to skills needed in football steadily increases. As such the trainer or coach should have a clear understanding of the need for each of the two training stages and how the focus from one to the other changes as the player develops (Bompa Haff, 2009, p. 1). It is important to incorporate multilateral development in the formative periods of training program that wishes to develop and form a professional footballer. This is because it lays the ground work for the later steps in training that will be more specialized. The proper implementation of this principle will enable the player to have a developed physiological; basis that is essential for optimized performance necessary for professional football. This will ensure that the player has a high level of technical mastery as well as the physical preparation that translate to higher performance levels. The coach or trainer should avoid being tempted to ignore multilateral training for specialized training especially when the player becomes technically adept early in the process of training and development as this may compromise the player’s ability to sustain their optimal physical form once they get into professional football (Bompa Haff, 2009, p. 32). A sequential approach to the development of the player that progresses from the multilateral training to specialization is essential as the player matures so as to maximize their sporting potential. The multilateral stage includes multisport skills, some football specific skills and multifaceted motor development. As such the player undertakes a variety of exercises that allows him/her to fully develop his/her physiological system. For example, this phase of training allows the cardiovascular, neuromuscular and the energy systems to be activated in a number of ways. It is only when the player attains an acceptable level of development can him /her progress to the next phase which involves more specialization. It is important to note that this stage of development does not exclude specificity in its elements of training and on the contrary aspects of specificity of training should be maintained in all the stages of the training and development program although in varying proportions. Thus at this level specialization is minimal but increases in percentage as the player matures. This helps the player to have a foundation necessary for future development and also helps him/her to avoid staleness and overuse injury in future training and match-play (Bompa Haff, 2009, p. 2). The adoption of a comprehensive multilateral phase in training and development should be capable of ensuring that the player is best suited for a professional career in football. Although the improvement of performance is slow at the beginning it gradual increases to peak at eighteen or older, an age when the player has reached psychological as well as physiological maturity and can be able to better handle the pressures of playing professionally. It also allows for progressive and consistent performance in competitions as well as a longer athletic career. Overall physiological development as well as a more progressive loading pattern results in fewer injuries for the player (Bompa Haff, 2009, p. 34). Once the player is sufficiently developed, the training and development starts the specialization phase which is mainly non-unilateral. You read "Professional Football Training and Development" in category "Papers" This training allows the player to adapt physiologically to football. Specific adaptation involves areas such as the metabolic demand, movement demands, muscle recruitment patterns, contraction type and force generation pattern. Also note that the type of training employed has very specific effects on the player’s physiological characteristics. For example, resistance training has effects ranging from alterations of the neuromuscular system, metabolic or bioenergetics pathways, and the contractile machinery. Conversely endurance training is capable of stimulating both the peripheral as well as the central adaptations, which include the modification of a player’s metabolic and bioenergetics factors, altering patterns of neural recruitment and stimulating alterations of skeletal muscle significantly. Contemporary research done on athletes has shown that the skeletal muscles exhibit largely characteristics of plasticity in response to different types of endurance and resistance training resulting in the deactivation or activation of the different signaling pathways on a molecular level depending on the type of exercise the player is subjected to (Bompa Haff, 2009, p. 35). The overall fitness training programme should incorporate elements of intermittency, randomness and dynamism. Although this may make the training and development process of professional footballers seem complex it is absolutely necessary so as to condition them to the conditions of match-play. As such the training should involve randomly sequenced physiological processes. This proves to be a challenge for coaches in their quest to condition and develop players. However, players should be involved in training programs that offers specialization that is based on multilateral training at the beginners’ stage. The specialization phase is characterized by a progressive increase in intensity and total volume of training as well as the degree of specialization. Specialization in simple terms describes exercise training that mimic or parallel movement in football while the multilateral phase describes exercises that develop endurance, speed and strength. Many researchers have suggested that the best adaptation to training and development of a professional football player occur as a result if exercise specific and that utilizes the football and also exercise that is targeted at specific bio-motor abilities but only after a multilateral foundation has been comprehensively developed (Da Silva, Bloomfield Marins, 2008). The fitness training and development programme should consider multiple factors so as to cover the various physical performance aspects that are required in football. As such the training needs to be divided into components that are based on specific physical demands that footballers experience during a match. Players experience varying exercise intensity during a training session as well as during matches. As such, the training must incorporate aerobic, anaerobic as wells specific muscle training. These two terms focus on the energy pathways that are dominant when participating in actual activity, either in training or in a match. Anaerobic and aerobic training represent exercise intensities above and below the maximum oxygen intake, respectively (Reilly Williams, 2003, p. 7). Physiological state necessary for the success of a professional football player A professional football player covers a mean distance of approximately eleven kilometers in a ninety minutes game. This value is not representative of the total energy requirements on the player during a game since in addition to running a walking, the footballer also has to perform other activ ities that are energy demanding. These activities include changing direction, acceleration and deceleration, static muscle contraction, jumping, tackling and rising from the ground among others. The total energy expenditure is therefore determined by all the physiological factors in play that affect the footballer. Experiments done on elite players have shown that out of the total energy contribution in the maximal oxygen intake, 70 % is derived from aerobic sources (Tumilty, 1993). As such the training programs of elite players emphasize on training at such average exercise intensity for at least ninety minutes in order to emphasize the player’s ability to perform intermittent exercise for prolonged periods, in other words, enhance endurance. In addition a professional player should be capable of performing consistently at high intensity, sprint and develop a high power output (force) necessary for single match situations, for example, jumping, tackling and kicking. The basis for optimal performance in these categories is characterized by fitness in aspects of cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance and strength combined with interplay of coordination by the nervous system. These characteristics determined genetically but can as well be developed through proper training (Spinks, Reilly Murphy, 2002, p. 3). Factors affecting efficiency in training and developing of football players Factors affecting the development and training of players include most importantly factors that the coach and the player can influence such as the player’s physical abilities; anaerobic power, aerobic capacity, strength/speed, agility/flexibility and coordination. Player’s Technical and tactical skills; control/passing, tackl ing/shooting, knowledge/creativity and anticipation. Player’s Psychological factors: confidence, motivation, arousal, concentration. The player’s current status such as injuries being experienced, nutritional levels and psychological stability is also a factor in play during training. Factors that the coach or player do not have control over such as environmental and social factors such as the coach or trainer, family, friends, the climate, playing surface. Other factors include the gender of the player and the genetic endowment (Reilley Korkusuz, 2008) Methodology Data for this study will be drawn from field work, documentary analysis and both formal and informal interviews. Also previous research as well as official publication from relevant bodies governing football will form the starting point for the inquiry relevant to this research. To understand the best method for training and developing professional football players, field observations will be carried out on three professional academies and three non professional teams in the United Kingdom that carter for youths wishing to join the senior teams. Data will also be gathered in these situations using formal and informal methods (Holmes 1991, p. 20). The data will then be analyses using the comparative investigation of physical education and sport developed by Holmes (1991). This will be with a view to suggest solutions to currently apparent problem and offer future programme improvements to the way training and developing professional footballers is currently practiced (Holmes, 1991,p 27). How to cite Professional Football Training and Development, Papers

Shakespeare’S Play ‘Romeo And Juliet’ Essay Paper Example For Students

Shakespeare’S Play ‘Romeo And Juliet’ Essay Paper Shakespeares play was written to entertain the people of 1600, Franco Zeffirellis film was set at the same time as Shakespeare play, and set in Verona, where as Baz Luhrmanns was set slightly into the future, Baz Luhrmanns film was set at Verona Beech, in America, this is aimed to interest the younger generations of today who might not want to watch a film which is based on a play written 400 years ago by Shakespeare. Both Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann have made the connection with the idea courtly love written about in Shakespeares play, which wasnt traditional when the films were made. Courtly love is where a young man would fall in love with a woman of higher social class, or married, either way unattainable to the young man. The whole point of Rosline in the play was to illustrate/demonstrate courtly love to the audience, but then Romeo falls in love with Juliet, a true love. Courtly love was a middle age and Elizabethan, European tradition. Even though Baz Luhrmanns is set in America, it still carries the tradition. Both plays miss out parts which was in Shakespeares play, Franco Zeffirelli misses out the apothecary, this is to show his focus on getting to Juliets tomb. In Baz Luhrmanns he overlooks the fight between Romeo and Paris this is because if he killed Paris and dragged him into the church to lie next to Juliet it would take the focus of Romeo and Juliet when they are dead and lying next to each other. Act five, scene one, in Shakespeares play is set in a street in Mantua, and its Thursday, in Franco Zeffirellis sets this scene similar to how you would imagine it, its set in a big house, its dull, and sets the mood of sadness. But in Baz Luhrmanns film sets the scene one, in a squatters camp in the desert, and its sunny. Shakespeares play has an apothecary in, where Romeo gets the poison Baz Luhrmanns film also has this in, but Franco Zeffirellis film has no apothecary in, Romeo just produces the poison when it is needed. Scene two in Shakespeares play was set in Friar Lawrences cell, its approximately dusk on Thursday. In Franco Zeffirellis film scene two is missed out, the two Friars do not have a conversation, Franco Zeffirelli shows this scene by Romeo and Balthasar passing Friar John on his donkey. In Baz Luhrmanns film the post office replaces Friar John. Baz Luhrmann also uses juxtaposition of scenes to show it is all starting to go wrong. It quickly switches from scene to scene to show the Friar panicking that Romeo hasnt got the letter, then the scene switches to Romeo and Balthasar being chased by the police. This creates urgency and chaos, it gives you the feeling the plan is going to go wrong. Scene three in Shakespeare play is set in a churchyard, outside the tomb of the Capuletts, its Thursday evening. Both Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann didnt include the fight between Romeo and Paris in their films, Baz Luhrmanns ending to the film is totally different to how you would imagine it to be. In Baz Luhrmanns film, the police are chasing Romeo as soon as he enters Verona, In neither Shakespeares play or Franco Zeffirellis film is Romeo known to be in Verona, until the end, when he is found dead. In Baz Luhrmanns film there is no fight with Paris, but when he is going into the church he has a hostage, who he threatens with a gun and says the famous quote tempt not a desperate man Once he gets to the door of the church he lets the hostage go, the hostage is a random person which was coming out of the church. Once Romeo gets into the church the police seem to fade away, this is because Baz Luhrmann used the idea of sanctuary to connect the film with Shakespeares play, and beliefs of the time. on Caesar In Shakespeare's play of Caesar EssayIn Franco Zeffirellis film she cries about Romeo killing himself then she talks to the dead body after that she kill herself, the actor doesnt seem to fully take on the role of Juliet and seems to some extent lack emotion. She seems to have just followed the directors said to do and not acted to her full ability. This is also the same for Romeo, his character comes across as fake, the actor doesnt act as you would expect Romeo to behave. In Baz Luhrmanns film there are gaps in-between when she cries, talks, and kills herself, giving you time to think about what is happening, so you get the full impact of what is happening. Romeos character is acted well, he behaves as you imagine Romeo to behave, sincere and full of emotions. This is shown in his childish love for Rosline and his true love for Juliet. Another difference is that in Shakespeares play you would have probably seen Juliet kill herself, in Franco Zeffirellis you see her kill herself, but in Baz Luhrmanns you dont see her kill herself, it jumps to a different scene, outside the church, where you hear the gun shot. The scene of the church is from the sky, where the church looks big and daunting, its dark outside, then you realise just how important the church is to the rest of the town. After you hear the gun shot the scene jumps from outside the church to inside the church, were you see Juliet and Romeo are dead, the alter where they lie is in the shape of a cross, with candles around them, so you could say that they were sacrificed for the peace of the families. And it goes to flashbacks of when they was happy and together Shakespeare backs of when they was together and happy. They are taken out of the of the church on stretchers, covered by a white cloth, as this is happening, captain prince makes a speech, to the families, people standing by and the cameras this is the speech the prince makes in the tomb in Shakespeares play, and in Franco Zeffirellis is, again, made by the prince, standing on some stairs at the end of the death march, where the death bell is rang, but in Baz Luhrmanns film it is made by the prince first then subsequently by a news reader. As the newsreader is reading the speech the television starts to shrink. The language in Baz Luhrmanns film was similar to the language used in Shakespeares play, and was easy to understand because of the way it was acted out more clearly. Baz Luhrmanns film had much more Shakespearean in than Franco Zeffirellis, Franco Zeffirellis film was a bit harder to understand because you was trying to work out what the actors were doing.